转一个经典证明:扫雷是NP完全问题

Dynamic Programming Problems经典问题集

Author posted @ 2012年3月05日 09:21 in Algorithm , 16917 阅读

1. The Integer Knapsack Problem (Duplicate Items Permitted):

You have $n$types of items, where the$i^{th}$ item type has an integer size $s_i$and a real value. $v_i$

You are trying to fill a knapsack of total capacity $C$with a selection of items of maximum value.

You can add multiple items of the same type to the knapsack.

Solution: Let M(j) denote the maximum value you can pack into a size j knapsack.

We can express M(j)recursively in terms of solutions to smaller problems as follows:

$$M(j)= \left\{
\begin{aligned}\overset{}\max\{M(j-1) , \max_{i=1...n}M(j-s_i)+v_i \}
\quad j\ge 1\\ \\ 0 \quad j \le 0 \end{aligned}\right. $$

Computing each M(j)value will require $\Theta(n)$ time, and we need to sequentially compute $C$such values.
Therefore, total running time is $\Theta(nC)$ . Total space is $\Theta(n)$ .

The value of $M(C)$ will contain the value of the optimal knapsack packing.

We can reconstruct the list of items in the optimal solution by maintaining and following “backpointers”

2. Maximum Value Contiguous Subsequence.

Given a sequence of $n$ real numbers $A_1,
... A_n$,

determine a contiguous subsequence $A_1, ... A_j$ for which the sum of elements in the subsequence is maximized.

Solution: Let $M(j)$denote the max sum over all windows ending at $j$

$M(j) = max\{
M(j-1)+A[j], A[j]\}$

It only takes linear time $O(n)$to run the program since it only need to solve $n$sub-problems and each takes constnt time.

3. Making Change: You are given $n$ types of coin denominations of values  $v_1 < v_2 ... < v_n$ (all integers).

Assume $v_1 =1$, so you can always make change for any amount of money C.

Give an algorithm which makes change for an amount of money C with as few coins as possible.

Solution: Let $M(j)$denote the min number of coins required to make changes for amount of money $j$

$M(j)=\min_{i=1...n}\{M(j-v_i)\}+1$

It takes $O(nC)$ time because we are solving $C$subproblems,

each of which requires minimization $O(n)$ different terms. (Similar to integer knapsack problem)

4. Longest Increasing Subsequence. Given a sequence of n real numbers $A_1,
... A_n$,

determine a subsequence (not necessarily contiguous) of maximum length in which the values in the subsequence form a strictly increasing sequence.

Solution: Let $L(j)denote the longest strictly increasing subsequence ending at position$j$ , therefore,

$L(j) =
\max\limits_{i<j}\limits_{A[i]<A[j]}\{ L(i)\}+1 $

to find the solution overall, it has to find the maximum over all potential ending points $j$of $L(j) :

$\max\limits_{j=1...n}\{L(j)\}$

since the longest increasing subsequence could end anywhere.

The algorithm takes $O(n^2)$time to run because I have to sort $n$subproblems and each of them takes $O(n)$time.

5.Box Stacking:

You are given a set of $n$ types of rectangular 3-D boxes, where the $i^{th}$ box has height $h_i$, width $w_i$ and depth $d_i$ (all real numbers).

You want to create a stack of boxes which is as tall as possible,

but you can only stack a box on top of another box if the dimensions of the 2-D base of the lower box are each strictly larger than those of the 2-D base of the higher box.

Of course, you can rotate a box so that any side functions as its base.

It is also allowable to use multiple instances of the same type of box.

Solution: constraint : can only stack box $i$on box $j$if $w_i<w_j$ and $d_i<d_j$

(without loss of generality, assume $w_i\le d_i$ ).

First sort the base area by decreasing order:

then let $H(j)$ denote the tallest box stack I could form with box $j$on top, so

$H(j) =
\max\limits_{i<j, w_i<w_j, d_i<d_j}\{ H(i)\}+h_j $

The algorithm takes $O(n^2)$time to run because I have to sort $n$subproblems and each of them takes $O(n)$time.

At the end, the solution is found by taking the max of all potential top boxes $j$of $H(j)$.

(Since we are not sure in the optimal solution, which box is on top)

6. Building Bridges.

Consider a 2-D map with a horizontal river passing through its center.

There are $n$cities on the southern bank with x-coordinates $a_1... a_n$and $n$ cities on the northern bank with x-coordinates $b_1 ... b_n$.

You want to connect as many north-south pairs of cities as possible with bridges such that no two bridges cross.

When connecting cities, you are only allowed to connect the the ith city on the northern ban to the ith city on the southern bank.

Solution: consider the south bank city (below the river) $i$,

let $x(i)$denote the index of corresponding city on the north bank ($x(i)=3$ in the figure).

So we could compute the $x(i)$by sorting in $O(n\log
n)$time.

Now we want to find the longest increasing subsequence through $x(1),
... x(n)$, so it is identical to problem 4.

7. Balanced Partition:You have a set of n integers each in the range 0 . . .K.

Partition these integers into two subsets such that you minimize $S_1 - S_2$,

where $S_1$ and $S_2$ denote the sums of the elements in each of the two subsets.

Solution: Use $$P(i,j)=
\left\{ \begin{aligned}\overset{}1 \quad \text{if some subset of }
\{A_1, ... A_n\} \text{has sum of j}\\0 \quad
\text{otherwise}\end{aligned}\right.$$ where $i \in [0,n]$ and $j \in
[0,nK]$

therefore, $P(i,j)=1$if $P(i-1, j)=1$ or $P(i-1,
j-A_i)=1$

dynamic programming formula is:

$P(i,j)=\max\{P(i-1,j), P(i-1,
j-A_i)\}$

this procedure takes $O(n^2K)$time to compute.

To solve the original problem, let $S=\sum(A_i)/2$, and the purpose is to make $S_1 - S_2$ close to 0 as possible.

what we want to find is:

$\min\limits_{i\le S}\{S-i:
P(n, i)=1\}$

8. Edit Distance.

Given two text strings A of length n and B of length m,

you want to transform A into B with a minimum number of operations of the following types:

delete a character from A, insert a character into A,

or change some character in A into a new character.

The minimal number of such operations required to transform A into B is called the edit distance between A and B.

Solution: Use $C_i, C_d, C_r$to denote the cost for inserting, deleting or replacing a letter.

The goal is to compute the minimum cost of translating A to B.

Let $T(i,j)$denote the minimum cost of translating $A[1...i]$into $B[1...j]$, then

$$T(i,j)= \left\{\begin{aligned}\overset{}C_d + T(i-1, j) \\
C_i+T(i, j-1) \\ \overset{} T(i-1, j-1) \quad if \quad A[i]=B[j] \\
C_d+T(i-1,j-1) \quad if \quad A[i] \neq B[j] \end{aligned}\right.$$

It takes $O(nm)$time to compute and final solution is stored in $T(n,m)$

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